{"id":1674,"date":"2026-08-14T20:41:29","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T11:41:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/uncategorized\/late-night-snacks-satiety-morning-puffiness\/"},"modified":"2026-08-14T20:41:29","modified_gmt":"2026-08-14T11:41:29","slug":"late-night-snacks-satiety-morning-puffiness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/diet\/late-night-snacks-satiety-morning-puffiness\/","title":{"rendered":"Late-Night Snacks and Morning Puffiness: What Holds Up"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I have stood in front of an open refrigerator at 11:40 at night more times than I would like to write down.<\/p>\n<p>The search that usually follows is for a &#8220;guilt-free&#8221; snack. I want to retire that phrase here and not use it again, because it smuggles in an assumption \u2014 that eating at night is a debt, and the only question is how to minimize the charge. That assumption has the worst evidence behind it of anything in this topic.<\/p>\n<p>So here is the frame instead: <strong>a late-night snack that holds up.<\/strong> Holds up to the research, and holds up as something you planned rather than something you got away with.<\/p>\n<p>This is general information, not medical advice. A fuller note is at the bottom.<\/p>\n<h2>The rule is the risk, not the snack<\/h2>\n<p>The story you have probably read goes: you resist the urge, cortisol spikes, your brain forces a binge. I could not find a single study testing that chain, and the two best lab studies point in <strong>opposite directions<\/strong> \u2014 Tryon (2013) found the women with high chronic stress and <strong>low<\/strong> cortisol reactivity ate more cake, while Herhaus (2020) found <strong>high<\/strong> reactors with obesity ate more, with no significant difference among healthy-weight participants. Nobody has established a mechanism.<\/p>\n<p>What is far better evidenced is the <em>shape<\/em> of the rule you set for yourself \u2014 rigid versus flexible.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Westenhoefer (2013<\/strong>, 106 women who had lost 10.1 \u00b1 9.7 kg) found rigid restraint correlated with attentional bias toward food cues (r = 0.43), while flexible restraint was associated with more weight lost and better maintenance. <strong>Sairanen (2014<\/strong>, 49 adults with overweight) found that as flexible restraint rose, distress fell. <strong>Berg (2018<\/strong>, 61 women, mean age 69) found rising flexible restraint <em>alongside<\/em> falling rigid restraint predicted greater weight loss (adjusted R\u00b2 = 0.21, p &lt; 0.01).<\/p>\n<p>The sharpest marker comes from <strong>Linardon (2020<\/strong>, n = 1,341, machine-learning classification): the group with <strong>concurrently low intuitive eating and high all-or-nothing thinking<\/strong> had recurrent binge eating at <strong>84% incidence<\/strong>. One caveat most articles skip \u2014 that is a <strong>cross-sectional snapshot<\/strong> of who had both features at once. It does not say 84% of people with rigid rules will go on to binge.<\/p>\n<p>And the correction can overshoot. <strong>Grilo (2024<\/strong>, randomized trial, n = 90, binge-eating disorder with obesity) found behavioral weight loss produced <em>greater<\/em> increases in rigid restraint <strong>and<\/strong> greater weight loss than CBT, with rigid restraint mediating about 39% of the effect \u2014 findings the authors said &#8220;challenge views that dietary-restraint might exacerbate binge eating.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Structure is not the enemy. Rigidity is the risk. A snack you decided on in advance is structure; a snack that breaks a rule is the other thing.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Three-column card comparing rigid restraint, flexible restraint and the counter-evidence: attentional bias r = 0.43, better maintenance and falling distress with flexible restraint, and the Grilo 2024 trial in which rigid restraint rose alongside greater weight loss\" src=\"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/body-1-24.png\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>About the morning puffiness<\/h2>\n<p>I will be direct: <strong>no study I could find tested a salty late-night snack against measured next-morning facial swelling.<\/strong> The claim you have read a hundred times has not been examined, and the controlled sodium research conflicts with itself.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Study<\/th>\n<th>Design<\/th>\n<th>What it found<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Heer 2000<\/td>\n<td>32 healthy men, metabolic ward, sodium 50\u2013550 mEq\/day<\/td>\n<td>Plasma volume rose dose-dependently (<strong>+315 \u00b1 37 mL<\/strong>), but <strong>total body water and body mass did not increase<\/strong> \u2014 a shift from interstitial into intravascular space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Visser 2009<\/td>\n<td>78 healthy men, one week low then one week high sodium<\/td>\n<td>Extracellular fluid volume rose <strong>1.2 \u00b1 1.8 L<\/strong>, the individual change correlated to BMI (r = 0.361)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Heer 2009<\/td>\n<td>9 healthy men, 28-day metabolic ward<\/td>\n<td>Volume rose at <em>average<\/em> sodium intake but <strong>did not rise<\/strong> at high intake, despite sodium being retained<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note the \u00b11.8 L standard deviation in the middle row. Not a rounding error \u2014 people respond to sodium very differently from one another.<\/p>\n<p>The alternative explanation is more likely, and I want to label it correctly. Lying down redistributes fluid out of the legs toward the head end of the body; <strong>Yadollahi (2019<\/strong>, 22 healthy adults) showed that sustained overnight neck fluid accumulation comes from the extravascular space. But that study measured <strong>neck bioimpedance and internal jugular vein volume, for sleep-apnea research. It never measured a face.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>So fluid does move toward the head overnight simply because you are horizontal, and that is a likelier explanation for a puffy-looking morning than anything on your plate. The last step \u2014 head fluid, therefore face \u2014 is an inference, not a demonstrated finding. <strong>Neither mechanism is established for facial appearance.<\/strong> The experience is real; the physiology is not settled, and I would rather say so than invent a tidy answer.<\/p>\n<h2>Does the clock matter on its own?<\/h2>\n<p>Somewhat, with small effects. <strong>Vujovi\u0107 (2022<\/strong>, <em>Cell Metabolism<\/em>) is the best-controlled evidence \u2014 a randomized crossover with nutrients, activity, sleep and light all controlled. At identical calories, eating late increased hunger (p &lt; 0.0001) and <strong>decreased waketime energy expenditure<\/strong> (p = 0.002).<\/p>\n<p>Then the ceiling. <strong>Liu (2024<\/strong>, <em>JAMA Network Open<\/em>, 29 trials, 2,485 adults) put time-restricted eating at \u22121.37 kg while calling the effects &#8220;small and of uncertain clinical importance,&#8221; with 22 of 29 studies at high risk of bias. Timing carries real metabolic signal. It is not a weight lever you can lean on.<\/p>\n<h2>The snacks, one at a time<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A bowl of plain yogurt with oats, whole almonds, hazelnuts and fresh blueberries, a spoon resting in it, on a white surface\" src=\"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/body-2-23.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Photo: Tiberiu \/ Pexels<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Plain Greek yogurt: one number is solid, one is not in the cup<\/h3>\n<p>The solid one, from USDA FoodData Central, per 6 oz \/ 170 g (the FDA reference amount for yogurt):<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Per 6 oz \/ 170 g<\/th>\n<th>Calories<\/th>\n<th>Protein<\/th>\n<th>Total sugars<\/th>\n<th>Sodium<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Greek, plain, nonfat<\/td>\n<td>~100<\/td>\n<td><strong>~17.3 g<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>~5.5 g (all lactose)<\/td>\n<td>~61 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Greek, plain, whole milk<\/td>\n<td>~165<\/td>\n<td>~15.3 g<\/td>\n<td>~6.8 g<\/td>\n<td>~60 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Regular, plain, whole milk<\/td>\n<td>~104<\/td>\n<td><strong>~5.9 g<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>~7.9 g<\/td>\n<td>~78 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Roughly <strong>three times the protein for about the same calories.<\/strong> The most useful concrete fact here.<\/p>\n<p>Now the number that travels further than it should. <strong>Douglas (2013<\/strong>, <em>Appetite<\/em>, 15 healthy women) gave 160-calorie afternoon yogurt snacks and recorded when participants asked for dinner:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Protein in the snack<\/th>\n<th>Time to next meal<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>None (no snack)<\/td>\n<td>124 \u00b1 7 min<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5 g<\/td>\n<td>152 \u00b1 7 min<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14 g<\/td>\n<td>158 \u00b1 7 min<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>24 g<\/td>\n<td><strong>178 \u00b1 7 min<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Read the shape rather than the last row. <strong>Most of the benefit comes from having a snack at all<\/strong> \u2014 124 to 152 minutes. Going from 5 g to 14 g buys about six more minutes, which argues against protein-maximizing rather than for it. A separate paper, <strong>Ortinau (2013<\/strong>, <em>Nutrition Journal<\/em>, 32 women), tested 5 g against 14 g directly and found <strong>no differences<\/strong> in hunger, fullness, time to dinner, or dinner intake (686 vs. 709 kcal, p = 0.324), calling the extra 9 g &#8220;insufficient.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>And the 178-minute result is out of reach. Reaching <strong>24 g<\/strong> from plain nonfat Greek yogurt takes roughly <strong>235 g \u2014 about 8.3 oz, or 1.4\u00d7 a standard serving<\/strong>, and no standard serving of any plain yogurt gets there. A high-protein yogurt snack helps relative to a low-protein snack or none. It does not buy you three hours.<\/p>\n<p>One more limit: these were <strong>afternoon<\/strong> snacks in healthy women. None tested a late-night snack.<\/p>\n<h3>Blueberries, and why the Added Sugars line reads zero<\/h3>\n<p>A half cup of raw blueberries (74 g) stirred into 6 oz of plain nonfat Greek yogurt comes to roughly <strong>142 calories, 18.4 g protein, 13 g total sugars \u2014 0 g added \u2014 1.8 g fiber and 61 mg sodium.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>That zero is not a loophole. Federal regulation (21 CFR 101.9(c)(6)(iii)) defines added sugars as those &#8220;added during the processing of foods, or&#8230; packaged as such,&#8221; including syrups, honey and concentrated juice sugars. The lactose in plain yogurt and the sugar in whole blueberries are <strong>naturally occurring<\/strong> \u2014 Total Sugars line, not Added Sugars line. If you have been avoiding plain yogurt because the panel says it has sugar, that is the misreading.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A Nutrition Facts style panel for 6 ounces of plain nonfat Greek yogurt with half a cup of raw blueberries: 142 calories, 18.4 g protein, 13 g total sugars and 0 g added sugars highlighted, with the plain Greek and regular yogurt protein figures beneath\" src=\"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/body-3-21-scaled.png\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Almonds: a real discount that shrinks as you break them apart<\/h3>\n<p>This is the finding I most often see mangled. <strong>Novotny (2012<\/strong>, <em>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/em>, 18 adults, controlled feeding with full urine and fecal collection) measured almond energy at <strong>4.6 \u00b1 0.8 kcal\/g \u2014 129 kcal per 28 g serving<\/strong>, against the <strong>6.0\u20136.1 kcal\/g<\/strong> predicted by Atwater factors, or <strong>168\u2013170 kcal per serving<\/strong>: a <strong>32% overestimation<\/strong>. Your package still says roughly 164 calories per ounce, because labels use the Atwater method.<\/p>\n<p>The caveat is not optional. <strong>Gebauer (2016<\/strong>, <em>Food &amp; Function<\/em>, 18 participants) measured the same thing across forms:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Form<\/th>\n<th>Measured energy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Whole, natural<\/td>\n<td>4.42 kcal\/g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Whole, roasted<\/td>\n<td>4.86 kcal\/g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chopped<\/td>\n<td>5.04 kcal\/g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Almond butter<\/td>\n<td><strong>6.53 kcal\/g<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Almond butter lands essentially where the label predicts. The authors&#8217; conclusion: &#8220;the amount of calories absorbed from almonds is dependent on the form in which they are consumed.&#8221; The discount belongs to <strong>whole<\/strong> almonds and disappears once they are ground.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Raw whole almonds spilled from a small ceramic bowl across a pale grey surface\" src=\"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/body-4-22.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Photo: kaboompics.com \/ Pexels<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Do not expect almonds to make you eat less overall, either. <strong>Hull (2015)<\/strong> found lunch and dinner intake dropped dose-dependently after an almond snack, yet similar total energy was consumed across all three test days \u2014 participants <strong>compensated<\/strong>. <strong>Carter (2023<\/strong>, n = 140) found the better hormone profile after almonds &#8220;did not translate into better self-reported appetite or reduced short-term energy consumption.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Chickpeas: more filling, not less eaten<\/h3>\n<p>Both halves belong in the same breath. <strong>Li (2014<\/strong>, <em>Obesity<\/em>, meta-analysis of nine acute feeding trials) found pulses produced a <strong>31% greater satiety incremental AUC<\/strong> (ratio of means 1.31, 95% CI 1.09\u20131.58) <strong>and no effect on second-meal intake<\/strong> (\u221219.94 kcal, 95% CI \u221275 to 35, p = 0.48).<\/p>\n<p>Feels more filling: supported. Makes you eat less at the next meal: not shown.<\/p>\n<p>The sodium gap is the practical story. USDA lists chickpeas cooked from dry without salt at <strong>7 mg sodium per 100 g<\/strong> and canned, drained at <strong>246 mg<\/strong> \u2014 a separate entry for canned, drained <strong>and rinsed<\/strong> shows 202 mg, but those are independent database records rather than a paired experiment, so I will not give you a percentage for rinsing. Packaged roasted chickpeas are the blank spot: USDA has no entry for them, and they typically add oil and salt, so the panel and the sodium %DV against the <strong>2,300 mg<\/strong> Daily Value is the only honest guide.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bar chart of sodium in chickpeas per 100 grams from USDA FoodData Central: 7 mg cooked from dry without salt, 202 mg canned drained and rinsed, and 246 mg canned and drained, drawn to scale\" src=\"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/body-5-16.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>If the appeal is the crunch, that has modest support too: <strong>Krop (2018)<\/strong>, pooling 40 studies, found chewing-related oral processing affected hunger (\u22120.20) and intake (\u22120.28) \u2014 small but real, though <strong>Miquel-Kergoat (2015)<\/strong> flagged publication bias and I\u00b2 = 93.4% in the same literature.<\/p>\n<h2>What the label is actually allowed to say<\/h2>\n<p>These terms are legally defined, and the precision is useful at 11:40 at night.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Low sugar&#8221; is not an FDA-defined claim at all.<\/strong> 21 CFR 101.60(c) defines &#8220;sugar free,&#8221; &#8220;no added sugar,&#8221; and the <em>relative<\/em> claims &#8220;reduced \/ less \/ lower sugar.&#8221; There is no absolute low-sugar standard \u2014 unlike &#8220;low calorie,&#8221; set at no more than 40 calories per reference amount.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Sugar free&#8221;<\/strong> requires under 0.5 g sugars per reference amount and per labeled serving, <strong>plus<\/strong> either a low\/reduced-calorie designation or the statement &#8220;not a reduced calorie food,&#8221; &#8220;not a low calorie food,&#8221; or &#8220;not for weight control.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;No sugar added&#8221;<\/strong> has five conditions and must direct you to the nutrition panel. It does <strong>not<\/strong> mean low sugar or low calorie \u2014 that disclaimer exists because regulators expected the assumption.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Reduced \/ less \/ lower sugar&#8221;<\/strong> means at least 25% less than a named reference food, declared next to the claim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <em>Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025\u20132030<\/em> says, in full:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;While no amount of added sugars or non-nutritive sweeteners is recommended or considered part of a healthy or nutritious diet, one meal should contain no more than 10 grams of added sugars.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Both halves matter, and it is a <strong>per-meal ceiling<\/strong> \u2014 this edition sets no daily gram figure.<\/p>\n<p>Directly on point for a night snack, the same page defers to FDA &#8220;Healthy&#8221; claim limits: grain snacks such as crackers <strong>should not exceed 5 grams of added sugar per \u00be ounce whole-grain equivalent<\/strong>, and <strong>dairy snacks such as yogurt should not exceed 2.5 grams per \u2154 cup equivalent<\/strong>. Those denominators are food-group equivalents, not the serving printed on the Nutrition Facts panel.<\/p>\n<p>Plain yogurt clears the dairy limit at 0 g added sugars. Most flavored ones do not. That is the strongest federal argument for buying it plain and adding the fruit yourself.<\/p>\n<p>One last distinction: the <strong>50 g added sugars<\/strong> and <strong>2,300 mg sodium<\/strong> on a label are <strong>Daily Values<\/strong> \u2014 reference numbers for calculating %DV, not a recommendation to consume that much.<\/p>\n<h2>When a night snack is worth a conversation<\/h2>\n<p>A snack at night is ordinary. A pattern is different, and there is a defined one.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Night eating syndrome<\/strong> is characterized by morning anorexia, evening hyperphagia, and insomnia with awakenings followed by eating \u2014 with <strong>full awareness<\/strong>, and as repeated snacks rather than true binges. Its core feature is a delay in the circadian timing of food intake. Treatment evidence is thin: a 2025 systematic review found only <strong>five randomized trials<\/strong>, GRADE certainty <strong>low for all outcomes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Talk to a clinician if:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You wake in the night to eat on a recurring basis, need to eat to get back to sleep, or have little appetite in the morning.<\/li>\n<li>Eating comes with a <strong>sense of loss of control<\/strong>, or is followed by vomiting, laxatives, fasting or driven exercise \u2014 that warrants prompt evaluation.<\/li>\n<li>Guilt, shame or anxiety about food persists, or interferes with work, sleep or relationships.<\/li>\n<li>Your food rules keep expanding, or breaking one causes rising distress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Resource<\/th>\n<th>Contact<\/th>\n<th>Details<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>National Alliance for Eating Disorders Helpline<\/td>\n<td><strong>1-866-662-1235<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mon\u2013Fri, 9:00 am \u2013 7:00 pm ET. Free, staffed by licensed therapists.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ANAD Helpline<\/td>\n<td><strong>1-888-375-7767<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mon\u2013Fri, 9:00 am \u2013 9:00 pm CT. Free support and referrals; peer support groups.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>988 Suicide &amp; Crisis Lifeline<\/td>\n<td><strong>Call or text 988<\/strong>, or chat at chat.988lifeline.org<\/td>\n<td>24\/7\/365, free and confidential. Spanish-language and deaf\/hard-of-hearing services available.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>For anything non-urgent, a primary care physician or a registered dietitian is a reasonable first step.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Compressed into a few lines, it comes out like this.<\/p>\n<p>Plain Greek yogurt really does carry about three times the protein of regular per 6 oz, and its Added Sugars line really does read zero. Whole almonds really do deliver fewer calories than the label \u2014 until you grind them. Chickpeas really do feel more filling, and really have not been shown to make you eat less afterward. Each of those is smaller than the version you were sold. The morning puffiness I cannot explain at all, and I would rather say so than hand you a mechanism the studies do not support.<\/p>\n<p>What I would keep is the least scientific sentence here. Decide on the snack before you are standing in the light of the refrigerator \u2014 not because the food is dangerous, but because a snack you planned is a different thing than one you had to justify. That difference is the part with research behind it.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A home kitchen at night lit by a single warm lamp, with potted plants on a shelf above white tiles\" src=\"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/body-6-26.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Photo: Skylar Kang \/ Pexels<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>A note on what this article is and is not<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is general information, not medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Individual responses to sodium, meal timing and protein vary substantially \u2014 note the \u00b11.8 L spread above. No food here treats swelling, blood sugar disorders or weight. If you have diabetes or prediabetes, kidney disease, heart failure or high blood pressure, are pregnant, have a history of disordered eating, or take medication affecting blood glucose or fluid balance, talk with a physician or registered dietitian before changing your evening eating pattern.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Novotny JA, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ \u2014 &#8220;Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds,&#8221; <em>Am J Clin Nutr.<\/em> 2012;96:296\u2013301 (n = 18)<\/li>\n<li>Gebauer SK et al. \u2014 &#8220;Food processing and structure impact the metabolizable energy of almonds,&#8221; <em>Food Funct.<\/em> 2016;7:4231\u20134238<\/li>\n<li>Douglas SM et al. \u2014 &#8220;Low, moderate, or high protein yogurt snacks on appetite control,&#8221; <em>Appetite.<\/em> 2013;60:117\u2013122 (n = 15)<\/li>\n<li>Ortinau LC et al. \u2014 &#8220;The effects of increased dietary protein yogurt snack in the afternoon,&#8221; <em>Nutr J.<\/em> 2013;12:71 (n = 32)<\/li>\n<li>Li SS et al. \u2014 &#8220;Dietary pulses, satiety and food intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis,&#8221; <em>Obesity.<\/em> 2014;22:1773\u20131780<\/li>\n<li>Hull S et al. \u2014 &#8220;A mid-morning snack of almonds generates satiety,&#8221; <em>Eur J Nutr.<\/em> 2015;54:803\u2013810<\/li>\n<li>Carter S et al. \u2014 &#8220;Acute feeding with almonds compared to a carbohydrate-based snack,&#8221; <em>Eur J Nutr.<\/em> 2023;62:857\u2013866 (n = 140)<\/li>\n<li>Heer M et al. \u2014 &#8220;High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans,&#8221; <em>Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.<\/em> 2000;278:F585\u201395<\/li>\n<li>Visser FW et al. \u2014 &#8220;Rise in extracellular fluid volume during high sodium depends on BMI,&#8221; <em>Obesity.<\/em> 2009;17:1684\u20131688<\/li>\n<li>Yadollahi A et al. \u2014 &#8220;Effect of Trendelenburg position and lower-body positive pressure on neck fluid distribution,&#8221; <em>J Appl Physiol.<\/em> 2019;126:1259\u20131264<\/li>\n<li>Vujovi\u0107 N et al. \u2014 &#8220;Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure,&#8221; <em>Cell Metab.<\/em> 2022;34:1486\u20131498<\/li>\n<li>Liu HY et al. \u2014 &#8220;Meal Timing and Anthropometric and Metabolic Outcomes,&#8221; <em>JAMA Netw Open.<\/em> 2024;7:e2442163<\/li>\n<li>Lowe DA et al. \u2014 TREAT randomized clinical trial, <em>JAMA Intern Med.<\/em> 2020;180:1491\u20131499<\/li>\n<li>Westenhoefer J et al. \u2014 <em>Eat Behav.<\/em> 2013;14:69\u201372; Sairanen E et al. \u2014 <em>Eat Behav.<\/em> 2014;15:218\u2013224; Berg AC et al. \u2014 <em>J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr.<\/em> 2018;37:14\u201329<\/li>\n<li>Linardon J et al. \u2014 <em>Int J Eat Disord.<\/em> 2020;53:533\u2013540 (n = 1,341); Grilo CM et al. \u2014 <em>Int J Eat Disord.<\/em> 2024;57:2475\u20132481 (n = 90)<\/li>\n<li>Tryon MS et al. \u2014 <em>Physiol Behav.<\/em> 2013;114-115:32\u201337; Herhaus B et al. \u2014 <em>Transl Psychiatry.<\/em> 2020;10:40<\/li>\n<li>Boswell RG, Kober H \u2014 <em>Obes Rev.<\/em> 2016;17:159\u2013177; Krop EM et al. \u2014 <em>Appetite.<\/em> 2018;125:253\u2013269; Miquel-Kergoat S et al. \u2014 <em>Physiol Behav.<\/em> 2015;151:88\u201396<\/li>\n<li>USDA FoodData Central (yogurt, blueberries, almonds, chickpeas); 21 CFR 101.9, 101.12, 101.60<\/li>\n<li>Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025\u20132030 (January 2026), p.4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Late-night snacks, honestly: what plain Greek yogurt can and can&#8217;t do, why the almond calorie discount depends on form, and what morning puffiness is not.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1673,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[554,558,557,555,556],"class_list":["post-1674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diet","tag-added-sugars","tag-food-labels","tag-greek-yogurt","tag-late-night-snacks","tag-satiety"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1674"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1674\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1673"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1674"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1674"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wewellinfo.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}